Behaviorist description of depression Essay Example for Free

Behaviorist description of depression Essay The behavioral perspective of depression links the disorder to a deficit of positive reinforcements in ones life. This lack of reinforcement results in the decline of constructive behavior, which in turn results in depression. Behaviorists posit that a person suffering from depression can develop a plan of action to replenish the deficit of positive reinforcement through the cooperation of family, friends and the therapist. In other words, according to behaviorists, the patients inability to cope with life stress leads to social withdrawal, which reduces the rate of positive reinforcements, which then results in depression. The belief that a person suffering from depression can behave him- or herself out of it is both appealing and troublesome. The benefits of constructive activity notwithstanding, dependence on others for positive reinforcement could result in depression that waxes and wanes in direct proportion to the presence or absence of external stimuli. The danger inherent is this view is of placing too strong a focus on those external reinforcements. A patient who places conditions of worth on his or her actions may be convinced that others will never be in a state of approval of those actions. Such a patient may benefit more greatly from a cognitive therapy that addresses his or her maladaptive thinking patterns and self-deprecating automatic thoughts. It is the therapists responsibility to assess the most effective treatment based on the patients individual profile. The specific therapeutic approach must be tailored to the patents needs and capabilities. If the patient requires guidance to change maladaptive thinking, then a plan to simply change behavior is doomed to fail. The behaviorist perspective can also be interpreted as placing responsibility for depression squarely on the shoulders of the patient. Encouragement (of the patient to take charge of his or her own recovery by changing the nature of his or her personal relationships) can be effective with a strong-willed person who is committed to recovery. By helping to develop a plan of action and monitoring its success and opportunities for improvement, the behavioral therapist maintains at once a reliable presence at a respectful distance. The patients relationships are also important factors in depression that must be addressed to treat depression; ergo behavioral therapy must tackle negativity in that facet of the patients life. The therapist must assess the overall relationship dynamic and any negative patterns of communication between the patient and his or her most significant others. Ideally, a behavioral therapist has evaluated the patient and hypothesized that he or she will benefit from changing behavioral patterns. The therapist patient will then work closely with the patient to assess the nature of his or her innate behavioral patterns to determine which are constructive and which detract from his or her impression of positive reinforcement. Classical conditioning is not suited for this task but modeling and shaping may be effective. Operant conditioning, by definition, is the order of the day. The patient will receive continuous positive reinforcement for behaviors that combat his or her depression, while those that feed the depression will become extinct.

Borderline Personality Disorder Essays -- Psychology Psychological Hea

Borderline personality disorder "is defined in the DSM IV, a manual used by psychiatrists to diagnose all mental disorders, as an AXIS II disorder which has symptoms of impulsively and emotional dysregulation" (Livesley 146). A person with BPD has feelings of abandonment and emptiness, and has "frantic efforts to avoid abandonment, going to extremes to keep someone from leaving" (Burger 300). He or she is emotionally unstable and forms intense but unstable interpersonal relationships. They show impulsive behavior, such as spending money, sex, eating and substance abuse. Borderlines engage in self-manipulating behaviors and recurrent suicide attempts and thoughts. "Their behavior can be seen as maladaptive methods of coping with constant emotional pain" (Livesley 144). "Personality includes those aspects of a person's thinking, moods and behavior which affect his or her relationship with others" (Livesley 98). Differences in personality style (traits) add color and variety to relationships but may become too extreme, inflexible or maladaptive, significantly impairing a person's ability to function. When a person is not able to deal with people or problems of the environment, he or she is said to have a Personality Disorder (Livesley 99). "Originally the term borderline was used to refer to individuals whose adjustment was on the borderline between normal and psychotic" (Holmes 393). Today borderline personality disorder is primarily marked by instability, showing different symptoms at different times. Most of the symptoms revolve around problems of mood, mild disturbance in thought processes, and impulsive self-injurious behavior (Holmes 393). All of this prevents the borderline to have interpersonal relationships. Individuals with the borderline personality disorder tend to have intense relationships that are very unstable. "Frequent interpersonal conflict, unstable, stormy relationships are characteristics of a borderline; Relationships usually have "love and hate characteristics" (Durand 334). Individuals with this disorder do not simply drift in and out of friendships, but instead show abrupt, frequent and dramatic changes between "intense love and equally intense hate" (Durand 334) in any one relationship. The fluctuations in their mood, involved with their anger; involved with their thought disturbances, and mixed with their paranoid thoughts ab... ...ometimes symptoms can go unnoticed or are misunderstood. "Persons with BPD may often be thought of as manipulative or as attention-seeking (Burger 134). They can sometimes "act as if" they are okay. "People with BPD need validation and acknowledgment of the pain they struggle to live with as well as compassion without blame or judgments (Durand 99). Family members should always take suicidal statements and threats seriously and alert a mental health professional as soon as possible. "Education for family members cannot be stressed enough (Durand 99). Families need to learn all they can about BPD so that they can advocate for appropriate treatment for their loved ones. Informed families are then better able to deal with the stigma often encountered from mental health professionals. Instability might not even do borderlines justice, (Burger 199) chaotic is the best word to describe the life of a borderline. Their lives are intense their friendships abrupt. BPD is extremely painful to the patients, their families and to society. People with BPD experience intense emotions and are very vulnerable. They are among the most intensive and extensive utilizes of mental health services.

Cis 101 Quiz

Exam Name_ ______ Chapter 6 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The main advantages of a notebook computer are all of the following EXCEPT: 1) __D____A) Wireless Internet access is easy to install.B) They take up little space.C) They are portable.D) You get more speed for a lower price.2) The main disadvantages of a desktop computer as compared to notebooks are the following EXCEPT: 2) __D____A) A desktop computer is harder to move around.B) A desktop computer requires more space.C) A desktop computer is difficult to transport for repair.D) A desktop computer is more expensive.3) CPU speed is measured in: 3) __D____A) nanoseconds.B) megabytes.C) bits per second (bps).D) Hertz.4) The amount of RAM recommended for most systems today is measured in: 4) __D____A) Megahertz.B) Gigahertz.C) KB.D) GB.5) ________ are fast becoming the most preferred means of portable storage. 5) __D____A) DVDsB) CDsC) Floppy disksD) Flash drivesRead also Quiz Week 46) All of the following can be connected to your computer through a port EXCEPT: 6) ___C___A) scanner.B) an external hard drive.C) RAM.D) a printer.7) Each of the following is a type of port EXCEPT: 7) ___C___A) FireWire.B) Ethernet.C) FSB.D) USB.8) An expansion card that translates binary data into images is a(n): 8) ___D___A) game card.B) sound card.C) audio card.D) video card.9) A MIDI port allows you to connect: 9) ___C___A) scanners.B) notebooks.C) electronic musical instruments.D) digital cameras.10) The technology that transmits data between two devices using infrared light waves is called: 10) _B____A) Wi-Fi.B) IrDA.C)FireWire.D) Bluetooth.TRUE/FALSE. Write ‘T' if the statement is true and ‘F' if the statement is false.11) The CPU is located on the motherboard. 11) __T___12) The CPU is the temporary storage location for all the data and instructions the computer needs when it is running. 12) __F___13) Accessing data from the hard drive to send to the CPU is faster than accessing data from RAM. 13) __F___14) Hard drives have the largest storage capacity of any stora ge device. 14) __T___15) The main distinction between a desktop and a notebook is Internet connectivity. 15) __T___16) CPU stands for computer processing unit. 16) __F___17) When there is not enough RAM installed in your system, the system becomes memory bound. 17) __T___18) A sound card is attached to the inside of your computer's speaker. 18) __F___19) RAM is your computer's permanent storage space for data that is entered from the keyboard. 19) __F___20) The amount of memory your video card needs depends on what you want to display on your monitor. 20) __T___SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.21) The time it takes a storage device to locate stored data and make it available for processing is called ________ time. 21) _Access Time__22) RAM is an example of ________ storage because when the power is off, RAM is cleared out. 22) _Temporary___23) The technology that uses radio waves to send data wirelessly over short dist ances is ________. 23) __Bluetooth Technology__24) USB stands for ________. 24) _Universal Serial Bus_25) The primary circuit board of the computer system is the ________. 25) _Motherboard_

Effects and Impact of Solid Waste Generation in Abuja...

CHAPTER 1 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY The quantity and generation rate of solid wastes in Nigeria have increased over at an alarming rate over the years with lack of efficient and modern technology for the management of the wastes. The generation rate, collection and disposal of solid wastes are functions of several factors which if well considered and appropriated could bring the desired solution to the waste management problems in Nigeria. This chapter contains a brief description of the problem of study, background to the problem, purpose of the study and research questions. Significance and scope of the study were also discussed in this chapter. By definition, solid wastes could be defined as a non-liquid and non-gaseous†¦show more content†¦From water drainages to uncompleted buildings, open field and most recently under a high tension power line belonging to the Power Holding Company of Nigeria, anywhere can be used as dump sites. Simply put, open spaces in and around satellite towns are now at risk. The refuse dumps stink horribly and has taken up a large portion of a high tension PHCN power mast. Refuse collectors routinely set fire to the refuse in an effort to reduce its size to a manageable level. For example, a refuse collector, Mallam Zubairu Abubakar who was seen emptying the contents of his truck at the unapproved dump site defended his action. According to him â€Å"where do you expect us to dump the refuse†, we have to find a way of disposing the refuse so I joined them. I expect that the government will use their truck to remove what we dump here and take it wherever they want or in the alternative, show us another place to use as dump. A resident of Nyanya Mr Michael Ojo described the situation in Nyanya as worse than other parts of Abuja. According to him, â€Å"we are at the mercy of refuse here because even portions of the Abuja-Keffi road have become dumpsites. Unless something urgent is done, Abuja will become worse than Lagos†. The story is same in parts like Lugbe, a settlement around the precinct of Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport. 1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY This research paper is aimed at

Check Your Knowledge Original 13 Colonies

The Declaration Of Independence Of America - 1015 Words

Given that it will take more than one word that is three letters in length to answer this, I’ll go at it like this. This â€Å"proposition† that Lincoln spoke was, quite obviously, the Declaration of Independence, which was drafted by Thomas Jefferson and ratified on July 4, 1776 by delegates of all 13 colonies, signifying the intention of the Colonies to break away from British rule after having found many of the actions of the Crown in the previous 15 years or so to be abominable in their eyes. So, if the question is to be asked about whether America was founded on this proposition, really the best way to answer it is to consider the context of those previous 15 years; during this time period, following the French and Indian War, a war largely fought in North American territory where both the French and the British had property interests to protect, with the British ultimately prevailing. This war was costly, which should come as no surprise, given the depth of the w ar and that it had been fought a long distance away from Britain itself. Figuring the Colonists would be glad to help re-pay the Brits after their help in protecting the Colonies, the Crown imposed a few taxes on them; much to the shock of the Crown and Parliament, the Colonists appealed against these taxes and spoke out against the Crown as such. Without getting to deep into the nuances of this, what happened in the Colonies as Parliament kept levying taxes on various items, only for the Colonists to protest theseShow MoreRelatedAmerica s Declaration Of Independence1356 Words   |  6 Pagessince the beginning of the â€Å"Land of the free and home of the brave†, America has held itself to a certain cluster of standards. The framework done by our founding fathers was not to form a country that would please the people in the beginning, but to be able to survive and thrive in the new upcoming and technological advancing world. Those standards that were so brilliantly written into the nation’s Declaration of Independence claimed that everyone was entitled to â€Å"certain unalienable rights† andRead MoreAmerica Is Failing By The Declaration Of Independence1565 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica is failing. The very foundation and core beliefs that we hold so dear are a distant speck to our reality. This land is supposed to be rife with opportunities for success. But instead, most find themselves at a disadvantage from the beginning, and burdened by the weight of their expenses. Millions of Americans struggle to put food on the table, pay off debts from a higher education, afford healthcare for themselves and their family, and live comfortably. As proclaimed by the Declaration ofRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And The United States Of America1062 Words   |  5 Pages The United States of America is known as a place of God-given rights and equality for a diverse group of people. Since the founding of America, it was built off of the blood, sweat, and tears of immigrates. Yet, since the primeval years of this nation’s commencement, African American women rights have been adjusted or eliminated becauseRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And The United States Of America Essay1431 Words   |  6 PagesThe Declaration of Independence allowed the colonies of the United States of America their own governmental structure. After the war with Britain, the United States sought out a structure giving the citizens of America their own rights. These rights include: freedom of speech, life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, freedom of religion, the ability to make their own decisions, own form of government and taxation and more. The declaration was made by the merchant class of America, the foundingRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence Of The United States Of America Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pageshas served as the foundation of Justice in the United States of America. However, throughout history we’ve also witnessed and learned about events, presidential terms, and cultural and demographic evidence that show how the Pillars of Citizenship have not successfully worked toward the achievement of significant milestones that pertain to nationalization, globalization and equality up to this very day. The Declaration of Independence states that every citizen is granted the right to life, libertyRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And The United States Of America Essay1411 Words   |  6 Pagesoldest documents, which have served as the foundation of the United States of America. Throughout history we’ve witnessed events, presidential terms, and cultural and demographical evidence that show how the Pillars of Citizenship have not successfully worked toward executing the achievement of important milestones amongst nationalization, globalization and equality up to this very day. The Declaration of Independence states that every citizen is granted the right to life, liberty and pursuit ofRead MoreThe Declaration of Independence of the United States of America3256 Words   |  14 PagesIN CONGRESS, July 4, 1776. The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America, When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Natures God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separationRead MoreDeclaration of Independence and the Beginning of Womens Rights Movement in America1226 Words   |  5 Pagescenturies ago, a document was written that announced the independence of the thirteen colonies from Great Britain. That document, The Declaration of Independence, indicated that a new country was born, oppression in the New World would come to an end and new-found individual freedoms for citizens of America would become a reality. Thomas Jefferson ideals expressed in The Declaration of Independence was a stepping stone to the foundation of America. Many of Jeffersonâ⠂¬â„¢s ideals expressed his concern forRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And The Second President Of The United States Of America1656 Words   |  7 PagesThomas Jefferson, writer of the Declaration of Independence and the third president of the United States of America, was born on April 13, 1743. The future president was born to the parents of Peter Jefferson, a well-known and successful planter, and Jane Randolph, a prominent member of a very well-known and distinguished Virginian family. Jefferson was the third of ten children who were raised on the Shadwell slave plantation in Virginia. Starting from the early age of nine, Thomas Jefferson beganRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence : America s Political Philosophy And Its Way Of Life Essay1755 Words   |  8 PagesThe Declaration of Independence is still a profoundly relevant document for our time, in the political philosophy it espouses, as well as it’s keen view of human nature and its examination of our d esire for freedom and happiness. It is also a known document that binds our nation together as one for â€Å"Life, Liberty and the  pursuit of Happiness.† I believe the Declaration of Independence still accurately reflects America’s political philosophy and its way of life as we see today. Because the Declaration

Is the Death Penalty Cruel and Unusual Punishment Essay Example For Students

Is the Death Penalty Cruel and Unusual Punishment? Essay In order to determine whether the death penalty is to be considered cruel and unusual punishment, it is necessary to first define each word in order to get full understanding of the issue being assessed. According to the Merriam-Webster collegiate dictionary, cruel is defined as: disposed to inflict pain or suffering devoid of humane feelings. Unusual is defined as: not usual, uncommon, or rare. Punishment is defined as: suffering pain or loss that serves as retribution. Should capital punishment be viewed as retribution used to cause pain or suffering without humane feelings, and is it uncommon?The message that is sent out by killing a murderer is If you kill, we kill. Punishment by death is the ultimate punishment and one that cannot be taken back. A jury is instructed to determine guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, but with a punishment as final as death, any doubt should be reason enough for a person to live. Forcing a jury to decide whether a person should live or die is wrong. If the jury decides the person should die, then they have just committed the same crime they just sentenced someone to die for, murder. The jury then has to live with the fact that they killed someone. Just this stress put on the jury is enough to call the death penalty inhumane, not to mention the years the inmate will have to sit on death row knowing that at any time, it could be their turn to be strapped in to die. As far as the death penalty being unusual, since the U. S. is the only western democracy to still use the death penalty, it would be safe to say this punishment is uncommon.The death penalty should not be carried out in any case. Some look at it as an eye for an eye, but as Mahatma Gandhi once said, An eye for an eye only makes the whole world blind. As we head into the next millennium, it is time we modernize our punishments of criminals just as we have modernized every other aspect of our lives.